Class exercises for writing instruction based on the specific needs of students, which focus on distinct aspects of written language, such as spelling and punctuation, that are unfamiliar to the learners as well as broader elements of language such as prewriting, paraphrasing, and editing.

A stage in the writing process in which the writer mentally reviews and tests out different versions of a piece of work before making a final selection.

The back-and-forth quality of writing. Writing is necessarily a recursive process: as the writer modifies his/her work, they often go back in their writing to rephrase or add new elements to the previously written material.

A freeform writing activity that provides space for students to write about their interests without direct instruction and learn naturally about written forms of language.

The standard rules and stylistics governing written and oral language.

An assessment method which evaluates writing based on an overall standard for the piece as a whole.

A learning tool, also called a chair of “distinction,” on which students sit when sharing their written work with classmates.

Assessment that focuses on evaluating written work according to its parts.

Sections of a learning plan or a curriculum with content organized thematically around topics of interest.

A phase in the process of development in the visual arts.