Images in a book which provide hints and indications about the text by invoking certain words in the reader’s mind.

The part of a syllable including a single consonant, consonant blend, and consonant digraph, which comes before the first vowel of the syllable.

Hints and indicators within a specific context, which allow students to decipher the meaning of unfamiliar words. Students recognize that, practically, they can only use a limited number of word choices to retain the intended meaning of a passage.

A set of words understood within or through verbal language.

The concepts and any associated words which may come to a person’s mind for a given topic. In other words, the schema that is triggered from a person’s memory when he/she encounters new material.

Text that consists of systematic sound-spelling connections based on frequency and phonic principles.

The meticulous perception and comprehension of units of text which requires almost no effort to recognize new words in whole or in part.

Words that students can correctly identify as they read, but only after a careful examination of the visual images of the words.

A writing activity and composition strategy in which students are given time and space to prewrite, draft, revise, and edit their written work for publication or sharing with others.

The author’s viewpoints on the various aspects of writing, including the expressive, poetic or imaginative, and expository elements.