A theory that associates motivation with the likelihood and incentive value of success.

A theory of motivation premised on the notion that the propensity for individuals to achieve and perform depend on their expectations of reward.

A personality trait that determines whether people ascribe responsibility to internal or external factors when it comes to understanding their successes and failures.

A theory of motivation that examines how people understand and give reasons for the causes of their successes and failures.

The requirements, identified by Maslow, essential for knowing, appreciating, and understanding. These needs are often satisfied after basic needs are met.

The fundamental requirements, identified by Maslow, for physical and psychological well-being.

Educational methods and curriculum, generally at the primary level, that group children of different ages within the same class. These are also referred to as cross-age grouping programs.

A teaching method which places students in groups of varying abilities holds each student to high standards of learning while providing them with a variety of ways to attain those standards.

A teaching framework that emphasizes specific elements that teachers have direct control over quality, appropriateness, incentive, and time.

A program designed to develop various cognitive abilities, which involves students working through a set of paper-and-pencil exercises.