Studying a list of words, then retrieving them. And, doing that over and over causes the information to be stored in long-term memory, to be retrieved when they need it. The American Psychological Association cites that recent research has established that repeated retrieval enhances learning with a wide range of

A chart that categorizes the goals of a given lesson about appropriate cognitive levels.

The process of changing one’s conduct and habits through methods based on behavioral and cognitive principles, including self-talk and self-instruction.

Rationales, principles, and tenets of learning that emphasizes mental processes and thinking.

A tool that outlines student progress over time and is often used as an alternative grading mechanism to traditional evaluation systems such as numeric or letter grades.

A program based on the idea that social interaction is a developmental task closely linked to language.

Vygotsky’s theory that states the social context is important to the acquisition of domestic, vocational, and communication skills that can increase a child’s daily independence and ability to do things for him or herself.

The act of determining whether the skills being measured are developmentally suitable for the child.

Personality traits that play a critical role in the responses a child elicits from caregivers and that will ultimately shape their overall personality.

Cognitive structures that organize a child’s internal representations of experiences and objects.