Refers to underdeveloped skill in one or more areas, usually related to neurological disorders, and applies to students whose intelligence level is average or above. Students who are intellectually or developmentally disabled (IDD) have below-average intelligence, which affects their ability to learn.

Students with learning disabilities can learn but consistently perform below the level of their intelligence. The most common learning disabilities include autistic spectrum disorders which include autism, atypical autism, Rett syndrome, and childhood disintegrative disorder, obsessive–compulsive behavior (OCD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and Tourette syndrome.

Learning disabilities may include problems with perception of space or sounds, or of numbers or letters (dyscalculia and dyslexia); forming letters (dysgraphia); processing memory; attention disorders; motor coordination; following verbal directions; or separating literal from metaphorical ideas. Most of these students can learn strategies and techniques to compensate for their underdeveloped skills.